STS Chapter 2: Adapting the Advancement of Science and Technology in the Philippines


Adapting the Advancement of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Science and technology serve as powerful forces that shape societies, influence cultural practices, and drive progress. In the Philippines, the intertwined history of science, technology, and society (STS) is marked by unique cultural traditions, colonial legacies, and strategic government interventions. This journey, especially in the realms of agriculture and education, reflects the nation’s ability to blend indigenous practices with modern innovations. By exploring these key concepts, we can understand how science and technology have addressed societal needs, fostered economic growth, and preserved cultural values. For students of agriculture and education, this overview provides a lens through which they can connect historical advancements to their own roles in building a sustainable future.

The History of Science and Technology in the Philippines: A Focus on Agriculture and Education 

Science and technology in the Philippines have been shaped by cultural traditions, colonial influences, and government decisions. This timeline highlights key moments in history that impacted society, especially agriculture and education.


Pre-Colonial Period (Before 1565)

What Happened?

  • Early Filipinos practiced farming, growing rice, root crops, and fruits. They used advanced methods like irrigation and crop rotation to care for the land.
  • They were skilled in metalwork, crafting tools and ornaments from gold, copper, and iron. Trade with China and Southeast Asia brought in new knowledge and resources.

Why Does It Matter?

  • These farming techniques supported stable communities and trade, leading to cultural exchange.
  • Metal tools made farming and trade more efficient, boosting the economy.


Spanish Colonial Period (1565–1898)

What Happened?

  • The Spanish introduced formal education, including sciences, through schools and universities like the University of Santo Tomas (1611).
  • In 1821, they started agricultural education to improve farming practices.

Why Does It Matter?

  • Schools created a group of educated Filipinos who could contribute to science, but they focused on European methods, often ignoring local practices.


American Colonial Period (1898–1946)

What Happened?

  • Americans introduced public health programs like vaccines, reducing diseases such as smallpox.
  • They built agricultural schools and created the Bureau of Agriculture to modernize farming.

Why Does It Matter?

  • Better health systems increased life expectancy.
  • New farming methods boosted productivity, improving the economy and food security.


Post-Independence Era (1946–1972)

What Happened?

  • The National Science Development Board (NSDB) was created in 1970 to coordinate scientific research.
  • The Green Revolution introduced high-yield crops and modern farming techniques.

Why Does It Matter?

  • Food production improved, but the heavy use of chemicals raised concerns about environmental damage.
  • The NSDB highlighted the importance of science in national progress.


Marcos Era and Martial Law (1972–1986)

What Happened?

  • President Marcos focused on science education and increased funding for agricultural research, including support for the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).

Why Does It Matter?

  • Investments in science education created a skilled workforce, but Martial Law limited academic freedom, slowing scientific growth.


Post-Marcos Era (1986–Present)

What Happened?

  • Programs like Science for the Masses encouraged public understanding of science.
  • Digital technology began transforming agriculture with tools like precision farming and data analytics.

Why Does It Matter?

  • Scientific literacy helps communities adopt better farming and sustainable practices.
  • Digital tools increase productivity but can be hard for small farmers to access.

Why Should You Care?

Each period in Philippine history shows how science and technology influence agriculture and education. Understanding this history helps us learn from the past and find sustainable solutions for the future.

This is not just history—it’s a guide for solving modern challenges in agriculture and beyond.

Filipino Scientists and Their Contributions to Society

Filipino scientists have made remarkable contributions to agriculture, medicine, environment, and technology, solving problems and improving lives both in the Philippines and worldwide. Below are key figures and their work explained in simple terms, highlighting their importance to agriculture students and future teachers.

1. Fe del Mundo (Pediatrics)

  • What She Did: Opened the first hospital for children in the Philippines and invented a bamboo incubator for areas without electricity.
  • Why It Matters: Her ideas saved the lives of many children, especially in remote areas. Her work showed the world that creative solutions can come from simple, local materials.

2. Gregorio Zara (Engineering)

  • What He Did: Invented the videophone (a device for talking face-to-face over long distances) and worked on airplane engines using alcohol instead of gasoline.
  • Why It Matters: Zara's ideas about renewable energy and communication helped inspire today’s technologies, like video calls and eco-friendly fuels.

3. Julian A. Banzon (Renewable Energy)

  • What He Did: Studied how coconut and sugarcane could be turned into fuel.
  • Why It Matters: His research provided alternatives to fossil fuels, which is crucial for energy security and environmental protection.

4. Angel Alcala (Marine Biology)

  • What He Did: Created artificial coral reefs to protect fish and restore damaged marine habitats.
  • Why It Matters: His work helps fishermen by increasing fish populations and protects marine ecosystems from destruction.

5. Edgardo Gomez (Marine Biology)

  • What He Did: Studied the damage to coral reefs across the Philippines, giving a full picture of the problem.
  • Why It Matters: His research led to actions that help preserve coral reefs, which are vital for fishing and coastal protection.

6. Ramon Barba (Horticulture)

  • What He Did: Found a way to make mango trees produce fruit all year round.
  • Why It Matters: This discovery boosted the mango industry, creating jobs for farmers and ensuring a steady food supply.

7. Abelardo Aguilar (Microbiology)

  • What He Did: Discovered erythromycin, an antibiotic used worldwide to treat infections.
  • Why It Matters: His work made treatments for diseases more accessible, saving countless lives.

8. Maria Orosa (Food Technology)

  • What She Did: Invented nutrient-rich food products like soyalac (a soybean drink) and banana ketchup.
  • Why It Matters: Her inventions provided nutritious food during tough times, and banana ketchup has become a staple in Filipino cuisine.

Why This Matters to You

These scientists show how innovation can solve problems in agriculture, health, and education. Their work is a reminder that with creativity, dedication, and a focus on local needs, Filipinos can make a big difference in the world. For agriculture students, their discoveries about renewable energy, marine conservation, and year-round farming directly connect to your future careers. For BTLED-AFA students, understanding these contributions helps you teach others how science improves lives.

By learning from these role models, you can continue their legacy of using science and technology to serve the community and protect the environment.

The Influence of Science and Technology on Philippine Society

Science and technology have played a big role in shaping the Philippines. From agriculture to healthcare, they show how society and culture work together to solve problems. This guide will help agriculture and BTLED-AFA students understand how science and technology relate to their lives and careers.

Filipino Innovations and Cultural Values

1. Agricultural Innovations

Filipino farmers have always combined traditional practices with new ideas to improve farming. For example, Family Farm Schools (FFS) teach young people to balance school and farm work. They learn by doing—studying in class and applying what they learn on the farm.

  • Why It Matters: This approach improves farming techniques and strengthens family ties, a core Filipino value. By teaching skills like budgeting and problem-solving, FFS also helps farmers run successful businesses.
    Locations of farm schools in the Philippines

2. Adapting Technology in Farming

Filipino farmers often use modern tools like tractors, drones, or apps while keeping traditional ways in mind. However, many farmers value “pakikisama” (getting along with others) and prefer new methods that fit well with their community’s practices.

  • Why It Matters: When introducing technology, it’s important to respect traditions. This way, farmers can adopt better methods without losing their connection to the past.

How Science and Technology Shape Society

1. Boosting the Economy

Science and technology are key to improving the economy. Schools like the Philippine Science High School System train young people to become leaders in fields like agriculture, healthcare, and technology.

  • Why It Matters: By investing in education, the Philippines can solve big problems like food shortages and poverty while competing globally.

2. Improving Healthcare

Filipino scientists have developed tools like telemedicine and mobile health apps to bring doctors closer to people in faraway areas. This was especially helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic.

  • Why It Matters: Innovations like these save lives by making healthcare accessible to everyone, even those in remote provinces.

3. Government’s Role in Innovation

The government has supported science and technology to help the nation grow. For example, during the Marcos era, the National Science Development Board (NSDB) was created to promote scientific research.

  • Why It Matters: Government support helps scientists and innovators develop solutions for society. However, it's also important to make sure resources are used fairly and wisely.

Culture and Science: A Two-Way Street

Local Innovations for Big Problems

Filipinos find creative solutions to address issues while honoring cultural traditions:

  • Biodegradable plastics from farm waste tackle pollution while promoting resourcefulness.
  • Organic farming matches local beliefs about health and is part of a global push for sustainability.

How Culture Shapes Science

Traditions like indigenous farming methods often guide modern research. For example, ancient irrigation practices inspire efficient water systems today. Festivals celebrating harvests remind us of the importance of sustainability and nature.

Conclusion

Science and technology are deeply connected to the culture and needs of Filipinos. From family farms to modern healthcare, they solve problems while respecting traditions. By learning about these connections, students can become part of a future that balances innovation with cultural values.


References

Cariño, V. S. (1993). Philippine science and technology: Time for bold moves. UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies in cooperation with the University of the Philippines Press.

DOSTv. (2022, December 20). Top 10 Filipino scientists who made a remarkable contribution to the field of science. https://www.dostv.ph/blog/top-10-filipino-scientists-who-made-a-remarkable-contribution-to-the-field-of-science

Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University. (2003). Science, technology, and everyday culture in the Philippines.

Leron, P. J. G., & Baconguis, R. D. T. (2021). Innovation culture of selected agricultural state universities and colleges (SUCs) in Regions III and VIII. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(6A), 1573–1591.

Librero, A. R. (1990). Technology assessment for agriculture in the Philippines. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Department of Science and Technology.

Mancebo, S. T. (1984). Elements of the structure of agricultural education in the Philippines. UNESCO.

National Academy of Science and Technology. (2021, November 19). PAGTANAW 2050: The Philippine science, technology, and innovation foresight. https://nast.dost.gov.ph/index.php/pagtanaw-2050/595-pagtanaw-2050-the-philippine-foresight-key-descriptions

Ogena, E. B., & Brawner, F. G. (2005). Science education in the Philippines: Challenges for development. Science Education Institute, National Academy of Science and Technology, Center for Integrative Development Studies, University of the Philippines.

Santiago, A., & Roxas, F. (2015). Reviving farming interest in the Philippines through agricultural entrepreneurship education. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 5(4), 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2015.054.016


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