STS Chapter 1 Oral Discussion Answer Key

 

Case Study 1: The Introduction of Drones in Precision Agriculture

Scenario:
A local farming cooperative is considering adopting drones equipped with cameras and sensors to monitor crop health, soil conditions, and irrigation needs. While the technology promises increased efficiency and better resource management, some farmers are hesitant due to the costs and potential job loss for traditional workers.

Challenge for Students:

• Assess the sociotechnical system of drone use in agriculture, including the economic, cultural, and environmental impacts.
• Identify how this technology shapes and is shaped by societal needs, such as food security and sustainability.
• Explore ethical considerations, such as data privacy and access inequality.

Case Study 1: The Introduction of Drones in Precision Agriculture

1. Application of STS Concepts (5 Points)

The adoption of drones in precision agriculture exemplifies a sociotechnical system, where technology and society interact dynamically. The use of drones is not just a technical improvement but a transformation in farming practices that affects labor structures, economic investments, and environmental sustainability. This aligns with the social construction of technology (SCOT) framework, as the success and acceptance of drones depend on societal factors such as farmer education, government policies, and affordability.

Additionally, technological determinism can be observed in the assumption that drones will automatically lead to better yields. However, this overlooks the need for proper training and integration with traditional farming knowledge. Ethical considerations also arise, particularly in data privacy—as drone-collected data may be used by corporations or third parties without farmers’ consent—raising concerns about data ownership and security.

2. Contextual Relevance and Practicality (5 Points)

In the Philippine agricultural context, drones can address real-world challenges such as low productivity, inefficient irrigation, and climate change effects. Many local farmers still rely on traditional methods, leading to overuse of water and fertilizers. Drones provide real-time data on soil moisture and crop health, optimizing resource use and reducing environmental impact.

However, the feasibility of drone adoption depends on economic factors. Initial costs for drones and software may be too high for smallholder farmers. A cooperative ownership model or government subsidies (e.g., DA or DOST grants) could make the technology more accessible. Additionally, capacity-building programs should be implemented to train farmers in drone operation, ensuring inclusivity rather than widening the digital divide.

3. Critical and Ethical Analysis (5 Points)

The introduction of drones must be evaluated beyond efficiency gains. Job displacement is a major concern—traditional farm workers who manually inspect crops may lose employment opportunities. A potential solution is to upskill these workers so they can operate and maintain the drones, creating new roles instead of eliminating jobs.

Another ethical issue is data privacy. If drones collect sensitive agricultural data, who owns this data? Farmers must have control over their farm data to prevent corporate exploitation or unfair pricing strategies by agribusinesses. Policymakers should establish clear regulations to protect small farmers from data misuse.

Lastly, environmental considerations must be addressed. While drones reduce chemical overuse, their energy consumption and electronic waste should be minimized. Sustainable drone production and proper disposal policies must be promoted.

Final Recommendation

For drones to be successfully adopted in Philippine agriculture, an inclusive, ethical, and sustainable approach is necessary. This includes subsidies for smallholder farmers, training programs for displaced workers, strong data privacy policies, and environmental safeguards. By balancing technological advancement with social responsibility, the cooperative can maximize the benefits of precision agriculture while minimizing risks.

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Case Study 2: Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security

Scenario:
A biotech company has developed a drought-resistant corn variety, which could help farmers in arid regions. However, concerns about environmental risks, such as cross-pollination with wild species, and ethical debates over patenting living organisms have emerged.

Challenge for Students:

• Analyze the social construction of knowledge behind GMO development and adoption.
• Discuss the historical context of previous agricultural revolutions, such as the Green Revolution, to predict long-term impacts.
• Evaluate policies or regulations that could address ethical and environmental concerns.

Perfect Score Answer for Case Study 2: Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security

1. Application of STS Concepts (5 Points)

The development and adoption of genetically modified (GM) drought-resistant corn exemplify the social construction of knowledge in science and technology. Scientific advancements in genetic engineering are influenced by societal needs, economic interests, and political factors. While biotech companies emphasize the benefits of GMOs—such as increased yields and climate resilience—public perception is shaped by concerns over health, environmental risks, and corporate control over seeds.

This case also highlights sociotechnical systems, where technology (GM crops) interacts with social structures (farmers, government policies, consumer acceptance). Historically, the Green Revolution (1940s–1960s) introduced high-yield crops and chemical fertilizers, increasing food production but also leading to long-term ecological and economic consequences, such as soil degradation and small farmers’ dependence on costly inputs. Learning from these past developments, a critical evaluation of GM adoption is necessary to balance benefits and risks.

2. Contextual Relevance and Practicality (5 Points)

In the Philippine context, where droughts and typhoons threaten food security, a drought-resistant corn variety could help stabilize crop yields. This is particularly relevant for arid regions like Ilocos, Central Luzon, and Mindanao, where water scarcity affects farming. However, accessibility remains a key issue—if biotech companies hold patents, small-scale farmers may struggle with high seed costs or restrictive licensing agreements.

To ensure fair adoption, government intervention is necessary. Policies should include:

• Subsidies or financial aid for farmers to afford GM seeds.
• Seed-sharing programs to reduce dependency on corporations.
• Regulations on environmental safety, such as controlled test fields to monitor cross-pollination risks.

Additionally, community-based education programs should be implemented to inform farmers about the proper use of GM crops, including soil management and biodiversity conservation.

3. Critical and Ethical Analysis (5 Points)

The ethical debate over patenting living organisms raises concerns about corporate control over food production. If drought-resistant corn seeds are patented, farmers may be forced to purchase new seeds each season instead of saving and replanting them, leading to economic dependency on biotech companies. Alternative approaches, such as public-sector GMO research, should be encouraged to develop climate-resilient crops without strict corporate ownership.

Environmental concerns also arise from cross-pollination with wild plant species, potentially leading to loss of genetic diversity. To mitigate this, policies should require buffer zones between GM fields and natural ecosystems, and continuous monitoring of biodiversity impact.

Finally, public trust in GMOs is influenced by cultural and ethical considerations. Many Filipino farmers and consumers remain skeptical of GMOs due to concerns about long-term health effects and natural farming traditions. Transparency in scientific research, labeling laws, and consumer choice must be ensured to allow informed decision-making.

Final Recommendation

To maximize benefits while minimizing risks, a balanced, ethical, and sustainable approach is essential. The Philippine government should implement strong regulatory frameworks to ensure environmental safety and prevent corporate monopolization. Simultaneously, public-sector research and education programs should empower farmers with the knowledge and resources to use drought-resistant corn effectively. By integrating technological innovation with social responsibility, GM crops can contribute to food security while safeguarding biodiversity and farmers’ livelihoods.

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Case Study 3: Transition to Sustainable Farming Practices

Scenario:
A government program is offering incentives for farmers to adopt organic farming practices to address environmental degradation caused by synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. However, some farmers are skeptical about lower yields and higher labor costs.

Challenge for Students:

• Examine how historical farming methods and cultural traditions contribute to current sustainability practices.
• Use the STS lens to explore the tension between short-term economic needs and long-term ecological health.
• Propose policies or educational strategies to encourage adoption while addressing farmers’ concerns.

Case Study 3: Transition to Sustainable Farming Practices

1. Application of STS Concepts (5 Points)

The transition to organic farming can be analyzed using the sociotechnical systems (STS) framework, which considers how technology, society, and policies interact. In this case, the shift from synthetic fertilizers to organic methods is not just a technical change but also a social and economic transformation. The concerns of farmers—lower yields and higher labor costs—highlight the challenge of balancing innovation with practical feasibility.

The social construction of knowledge is also evident, as traditional Filipino farming practices have long included organic methods, such as crop rotation, composting, and natural pest control. However, with the introduction of modern industrial farming during the Green Revolution, many farmers became reliant on chemical inputs for higher yields. Reintroducing organic farming requires not just new techniques but also a shift in mindset and economic structures.

Ethical considerations arise in weighing short-term economic survival versus long-term ecological benefits. While organic farming promotes soil health and reduces chemical pollution, it requires farmers to invest more effort in pest management and soil conditioning, which may not be immediately profitable. The government must address these trade-offs through well-structured support programs.

2. Contextual Relevance and Practicality (5 Points)

In the Philippine context, where small-scale farming dominates, transitioning to organic agriculture presents challenges and opportunities. Farmers depend on high-yield crops for livelihood, and immediate financial concerns often outweigh long-term environmental goals. To encourage adoption, policies must focus on economic incentives and knowledge-sharing programs tailored to local conditions.

A phased transition approach would be more effective than an abrupt shift. Farmers can start with integrated farming systems, combining organic and conventional methods, before fully transitioning. For example, in Benguet and Cordillera highlands, organic farming has been successfully integrated into vegetable farming, proving that sustainable methods can work in local contexts.

To address concerns about lower yields, research institutions like the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) and the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) should provide evidence-based studies on organic productivity. Additionally, the government can facilitate cooperatives where farmers share labor and resources, reducing the burden of manual work.

Proposed strategies include:

• Subsidies and financial incentives for organic farming inputs such as compost and biopesticides.
• Training programs and workshops to educate farmers on best organic practices.
• Farmer cooperatives to distribute labor and share processing costs for organic certification.
• Market linkages to ensure organic farmers receive premium prices, making the transition financially viable.

3. Critical and Ethical Analysis (5 Points)

The shift to organic farming aligns with environmental ethics by promoting soil conservation, biodiversity, and reduced chemical pollution. However, a purely environmental approach without considering farmers' financial stability could lead to unintended consequences, such as food shortages or increased rural poverty.

One ethical dilemma is whether the government should mandate organic farming or let market forces dictate the shift. A forced transition could disrupt food production, while a purely voluntary system may see slow adoption. A compromise policy, offering incentives without coercion, would be more ethical and practical.

Additionally, knowledge access and power dynamics must be considered. Large agribusinesses might dominate organic certification processes, making it harder for small farmers to compete. To prevent this, community-led certification systems should be explored, ensuring that small-scale farmers can access organic markets without excessive bureaucratic hurdles.

Final Recommendation

To successfully implement sustainable farming, a multi-stakeholder approach is needed. The government should provide gradual incentives, universities should conduct research and training, and farmers should be supported in forming cooperatives to manage costs and labor. By addressing economic, social, and environmental factors holistically, the transition to organic farming can be both sustainable and equitable, ensuring food security and ecological resilience in the Philippines.

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Case Study 4: Automation and Employment in Agriculture

Scenario:
A large agribusiness is replacing human labor with automated harvesters and robots to increase efficiency and reduce costs. While this transition is economically beneficial for the company, local communities are concerned about job losses and the social implications.

Challenge for Students:

• Investigate the sociotechnical system of automation in agriculture and its effects on rural communities.
• Discuss ethical considerations, such as balancing efficiency with social responsibility.
• Suggest ways to retrain displaced workers for roles in a high-tech agricultural industry.

Case Study 4: Automation and Employment in Agriculture

1. Application of STS Concepts (5 Points)

The sociotechnical system of agricultural automation involves the interaction of technology, economy, labor, and society. Automation enhances efficiency and productivity by reducing dependence on manual labor, but it also disrupts traditional employment structures, particularly in rural areas where farming is the primary source of income. This shift reflects the social construction of knowledge, where technological advancements are shaped by economic goals and global market pressures rather than just scientific progress.

Ethical considerations arise in balancing economic efficiency with social responsibility. While companies benefit from cost savings and increased yields, rural communities face job displacement, economic instability, and widening inequality. The agribusiness must consider whether prioritizing profits over community welfare aligns with ethical business practices and sustainable development goals.

2. Contextual Relevance and Practicality (5 Points)

In the Philippine context, where agriculture employs around 25% of the workforce, automation could significantly impact rural livelihoods and food security. Unlike highly industrialized nations, where displaced workers may transition into other sectors, many Filipino farmworkers have limited access to alternative employment and skills training.

To address these concerns, a phased transition approach should be implemented, allowing communities to gradually adapt to automation while minimizing economic shocks. Potential solutions include:

• Upskilling and retraining programs to help displaced workers transition to higher-skilled jobs in agribusiness, such as drone operation, precision farming, and agri-tech maintenance.
• Public-private partnerships between the government, universities, and agribusinesses to create agri-tech training centers in rural areas.
• Microfinance support for displaced workers to start small-scale, high-value farming enterprises, such as hydroponics, organic farming, or agri-tourism businesses.
• Government subsidies or tax incentives for agribusinesses that implement socially responsible automation, ensuring that displaced workers are provided with alternative employment options.

These strategies ensure that automation enhances economic growth while protecting rural communities from long-term displacement.

3. Critical and Ethical Analysis (5 Points)

While automation in agriculture presents clear economic benefits—higher efficiency, reduced costs, and increased food production—the trade-offs must be carefully managed. Social justice issues, such as unequal access to retraining opportunities and widening economic disparities, must be addressed to prevent further marginalization of rural communities.

One ethical approach is the Just Transition framework, which promotes policies ensuring that technological progress does not leave vulnerable workers behind. Agribusinesses should not entirely eliminate human labor but rather shift workers into higher-value roles that complement automation.

Additionally, automation must be implemented with environmental sustainability in mind. Robots and automated systems require energy and infrastructure, which may contribute to carbon emissions and resource depletion if not managed responsibly. Renewable energy-powered automation, such as solar-powered machinery, should be prioritized to align with long-term sustainability goals.

Final Recommendation

For automation to be socially and economically sustainable, agribusinesses must work with the government, academic institutions, and rural communities to develop a holistic transition plan. Instead of replacing human labor outright, companies should retrain workers, invest in agri-tech education, and support rural entrepreneurship. By balancing efficiency with ethical responsibility, the agricultural sector can modernize without exacerbating social inequalities.

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Case Study 5: Climate-Smart Agriculture and Public Understanding

Scenario:
A non-profit organization is promoting climate-smart agricultural practices, such as crop diversification and water-efficient irrigation. However, many farmers lack the technical knowledge to implement these practices effectively.

Challenge for Students:

• Evaluate the role of public understanding of science in the adoption of climate-smart practices.
• Propose educational programs to bridge the knowledge gap between researchers and farmers.
• Explore global perspectives on climate adaptation strategies and their applicability in different contexts.

Case Study 5: Climate-Smart Agriculture and Public Understanding

1. Application of STS Concepts (5 Points)

The adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a sociotechnical system, as it involves interactions between scientific knowledge, technological innovations, and societal acceptance. The challenge lies in bridging the gap between researchers and farmers, ensuring that scientific advancements are accessible, practical, and contextually relevant to local agricultural communities.

The social construction of knowledge is evident in how different groups perceive and utilize agricultural innovations. Researchers develop climate-smart techniques based on scientific studies, but their effectiveness depends on how well they align with farmers’ traditional knowledge and practices. Without proper knowledge transfer, even the most advanced CSA technologies may be rejected due to misconceptions, lack of resources, or resistance to change.

Ethical considerations arise in ensuring equitable access to information and resources. Marginalized farmers, particularly small-scale and indigenous farmers, must have equal opportunities to learn about and implement CSA techniques. A failure to address these concerns could widen socioeconomic disparities in the agricultural sector.

2. Contextual Relevance and Practicality (5 Points)

In the Philippine context, where climate change has intensified typhoons, droughts, and unpredictable weather patterns, CSA is critical for food security and agricultural resilience. However, challenges such as limited farmer education, lack of government support, and economic constraints hinder widespread adoption.

To bridge the knowledge gap, the following educational programs can be implemented:

1. Farmer-to-Farmer Learning Networks – Establish demonstration farms where early adopters of CSA can train fellow farmers through hands-on experience and peer-to-peer learning.
2. Community-Based Agricultural Extension Services – Partner with state universities and local governments to deploy trained agricultural extension officers who can conduct on-site training and workshops tailored to specific farming communities.
3. Mobile and Digital Learning Platforms – Develop free, multilingual mobile applications with video tutorials, climate forecasts, and interactive guides on CSA best practices. Radio programs and social media campaigns can also help reach farmers in remote areas.
4. Subsidies and Incentives for CSA Adoption – Offer financial support, tax breaks, and equipment grants to encourage farmers to transition to climate-smart practices without financial risk.

These solutions ensure that CSA is practical, accessible, and culturally appropriate, fostering long-term sustainability.

3. Critical and Ethical Analysis (5 Points)

While CSA offers numerous benefits—higher resilience to climate change, reduced environmental impact, and improved food security—there are also challenges and ethical dilemmas to consider.

• Risk of Exclusion – If CSA training programs and technologies are only accessible to wealthier farmers, smallholder farmers may fall further behind, exacerbating economic inequality. Programs must be inclusive and free for marginalized farmers.
• Respect for Traditional Knowledge – Many farmers rely on indigenous agricultural techniques that may be compatible with CSA. Instead of imposing external solutions, researchers should collaborate with local farmers to integrate scientific knowledge with traditional wisdom.
• Environmental Trade-offs – Some CSA techniques, such as high-tech irrigation systems and hybrid crops, may require high initial investments or reliance on external inputs. The long-term impact of these solutions should be carefully assessed to avoid creating new environmental challenges.

Final Recommendation

To ensure the successful adoption of CSA, a multi-stakeholder approach is needed. Governments, NGOs, universities, and farming cooperatives must collaborate to design inclusive, farmer-friendly educational programs. By making climate-smart knowledge accessible, culturally relevant, and economically viable, farmers can actively participate in climate adaptation rather than being passive recipients of new technologies.

By addressing scientific, ethical, and social dimensions, this approach ensures that CSA adoption is sustainable, equitable, and beneficial for future generations.

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Case Study 6: Policy Implications of Fertilizer Use in Agriculture

Scenario:
The government is debating a policy to regulate synthetic fertilizer use due to its environmental impact, such as water pollution and soil degradation. Some farmers argue that without fertilizers, yields will drop, threatening food security.

Challenge for Students:

• Analyze the policy implications of regulating synthetic fertilizers using the STS lens.
• Discuss alternative practices, such as composting or biofertilizers, and their feasibility for large-scale farming.
• Explore the ethical dimensions of balancing environmental sustainability with the need for affordable food production.

Case Study 6: Policy Implications of Fertilizer Use in Agriculture

1. Application of STS Concepts (5 Points)

The issue of fertilizer regulation is best understood through the sociotechnical systems (STS) lens, which recognizes the interaction between scientific knowledge, technology, and society. Synthetic fertilizers have increased agricultural productivity, but their overuse has caused water pollution, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Any policy addressing fertilizer use must consider the technological, environmental, and socioeconomic implications.

The social construction of knowledge shapes how farmers and policymakers view fertilizers. Many farmers trust synthetic fertilizers due to their immediate benefits, while policymakers and environmental groups advocate for regulation based on scientific evidence of long-term ecological harm. Effective policy must bridge these perspectives, ensuring that regulations are both scientifically sound and socially acceptable.

Ethical considerations arise in balancing environmental sustainability with food security. Policies must prevent environmental damage without disproportionately harming smallholder farmers, who may struggle to afford alternative fertilizers or transition to organic methods. Regulations should be gradual and supported by subsidies or education programs to ensure fair implementation.

2. Contextual Relevance and Practicality (5 Points)

In the Philippine agricultural sector, where rice, corn, and sugarcane farming are highly dependent on fertilizers, outright bans would be impractical. Instead, a phased approach to regulation is necessary. Feasible solutions include:

1. Promoting Biofertilizers and Composting

   • Encourage biofertilizer production using local resources, such as manure and crop residues, reducing reliance on imported synthetic fertilizers.
   • Provide training programs for farmers on composting techniques to improve soil health naturally.

2. Gradual Reduction Policies with Incentives

   • Implement progressive fertilizer reduction targets, allowing farmers time to adjust and adopt new methods.
   • Offer subsidies and tax breaks for farmers shifting to organic fertilizers or using precision farming to reduce excess fertilizer application.

3. Precision Agriculture and Soil Testing

   • Encourage precision fertilizer application using soil testing kits to apply only the necessary nutrients, reducing waste and pollution.
   • Partner with agricultural cooperatives and local governments to distribute affordable soil-testing services to farmers.

4. Public-Private Partnerships for Research and Development

   • Support local research institutions in developing affordable, locally produced biofertilizers.
   • Collaborate with private agritech firms to introduce smart fertilizers that release nutrients based on plant needs.

These solutions ensure that fertilizer regulation is both environmentally responsible and economically feasible for Filipino farmers.

3. Critical and Ethical Analysis (5 Points)

A fertilizer regulation policy presents both benefits and trade-offs, requiring a balanced ethical approach:

• Environmental Benefits: Reducing synthetic fertilizers mitigates water pollution, soil degradation, and eutrophication in lakes and rivers, preserving biodiversity.
• Food Security Concerns: A sudden fertilizer ban could reduce yields, increase food prices, and impact low-income consumers. Policies must ensure that sustainable alternatives are widely available and affordable.
• Farmer Equity: Large agribusinesses can adapt more easily to fertilizer restrictions, while smallholder farmers may struggle. The government must prioritize assistance programs for small-scale farmers to prevent widening economic inequality.
• Scientific Integrity vs. Public Perception: While research supports controlled fertilizer use, some farmers remain skeptical. Transparent, science-based policymaking must be paired with effective communication and education to gain public trust.

Final Recommendation

A balanced policy approach should involve:
✔ Phased fertilizer reduction with clear targets
✔ Investment in biofertilizers and composting research
✔ Farmer education and financial support for transition
✔ Soil testing and precision agriculture incentives

By integrating scientific, ethical, and social perspectives, this policy can protect the environment while ensuring food security, leading to sustainable agricultural development in the Philippines.